Legio X Fretensis

Legio X Fretensis, Cohors IV, is a living history re-enactment group based out of California dedicated to bringing into the present the memories and traditions of the ancient Roman Empire during the first centuries A.D.

Wednesday, October 15, 2008

Out of the Darkness, 27 September 2008

On 27 September 2008, I dressed in my Roman scout’s uniform in commemoration of the departed. For I had taken the 2006 Hadrian’s Wall walk in preparation for The Overnight.

That year, I had raised $770 for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). I had spent far more walking the Wall, between travel, equipment, food and drink, electronic equipment I lugged around yet never or hardly even used (cameras, batteries, power cords and adapters, and a portable color printer). One could say I was a fool, for I could have saved my money and just simply given it all to the AFSP.

Yet I knew that if I was going to walk all-night, 10 miles in San Francisco, I wanted to get in shape. I wanted to be more healthy, and to live for a long, long time. Thus I wanted to walk its 80-mile length in preparation for my one-night 10-mile hike.

I also wanted to see the Wall with my own two eyes. I had written about it for the Pendragon game over a decade before. I wanted to walk the Wall. As witness to it. Of its durability. Its survivability through the adversity of wind and weather. The pain of history it has endured.

I also wanted to use the hike, to put it plainly and perhaps somewhat comically, as a form of “publicity stunt.” Why is Peter going all the way out of his way to walk an ancient Roman wall half-way-around the world? Why is he dressed up as a Roman reenactor? What’s with the fancy cap?

That’s a good question. I am glad you asked.

I am doing it for suicide prevention.

During the early Roman era, such as the Republic and the early Empire, people used to commit suicide all the time. When their businesses failed. When their marriages failed. When their armies failed. When their crops failed. It was expected. If you are a failure, take yourself out of the populace. Do the rest of us a favor. Just go away.

You buried your shame when they saw your corpse. Good riddance to bad rubbish!

This was what the Romans thought made for a strong, healthy society. Yet, in a way, it just left the travesties and monumental follies to others to clean up. Yes, you were gone. Now everyone else had to clean up your messes. It was a way to escape personal commitments, and though it often absolved the rest of your family, it often meant your family was then burdened with the stigma and loss for generations to come.

Later in the Roman Imperial era, things changed. Christianity altered Roman culture dramatically. Instead of committing suicide, you were called to suffer to live. Shame was not a sin. Indignity was to be borne and tolerated. Living through deprivation and disgrace were to be seen as mantles of grace.

Christianity utterly altered human consciousness, calling for compassion, rather than rejection, to those who faced failure. To try and fail, to embarrass yourself or to bring shame on yourself or your family was no longer the reason to commit suicide. It became an explicit call to live. To survive. To repair the relationships. To admit one’s guilt, and yet to live through it. To fix what was broken. To not leave things as the responsibilities of others. To bear oneself with dignity and humility, yet with grace.

To me, to be part of Legio X Fretensis, the Legion first exposed to these new ideals borne out of the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, son of Joseph, known as Christ, was to be a living history docent, a teacher and representative for that vital shift in human consciousness which began in the first century of the Christian Era.

I wasn't trying to hit anyone over the head with my Christianity. Yet if people asked “What’s with the get-up?” I’d answer them.

“My friend Molly committed suicide in 1985. She sat next to me in college. So I am doing a suicide prevention walk now to remember her 21 years later.”

As a Christian, I was suffered to live. Molly chose to “go Roman” and checked out.

So, I did this Hadrian’s Wall trip in 2006, and I raised $770. I also raised a few eyebrows, a few consciences, and a bit of laughter. My own spirit shifted. It definitely gave me a new spirit and confidence in my own personal physical tolerances and limits. Though my body was decidedly knocked low from exhaustion when it was done, I knew one thing:

If I could do this, I could suffer to live through a heck of a lot in life.

There were a few other objective lessons for me.

Many people didn’t listen to what I had to say about suicide prevention. They didn’t want to talk about it. I brought it up, and sometimes I had a sincere reflection with another person about the topic. Yet it was rapidly swept under the tide of views, images, places, food, and the pressing demands of time.

We even got on BBC television. Yet the producer didn’t really want to know that I was personally walking for suicide prevention. That sort of got missed from the piece.

For many, it was an “oh yeah.”

When to me, inwardly in my heart, and often outwardly in my expressions, it was the very reason I was there in the first place.

In 2006, I did not make my goal of $1,000. So I had to make up the short fall of donations personally.

Though I survived my walk, I lapsed back into a sort of cocoon of unsurity with life. I celebrated those who did come out of the woodwork and donated $770. Yet I also felt distrust. I had hoped for more. My attachment to the outcome was rather heavy.

I kept thinking like this:

“If my own life or death, my own suicide, was dependent on raising $1,000, I don’t have sufficient friends in the world, or I fell out of touch with too many friends over the years, or I didn’t communicate the need sufficiently, or I didn’t get out early enough, or the economy is really hurting, or whatever — for whatever reason — I didn’t raise my $1,000 commitment. I could not command, control, affect or adequately request the commitments of others. Of course not. They command their own selves. Yet below this, I couldn’t get them involved. I couldn’t even get them interested. They just didn’t care. Or care enough. Or they were busy. They did not take me seriously. Hey, I was in a Roman get-up, so it was sort of a joke anyway. Right? I mean, it was just a put-on costume, right? They didn’t see what it meant to me. They did not take it good-naturedly enough. Generously enough.”

Yet most of all, I thought this:

“If my own life had depended on getting that money, that interest and commitment from the people in the world around me, I’d be dead right now.”

That last part killed my ego. Not in a good way. I cried a lot. Reading about all the suicides that keep going on in the world. The distraught individuals that “go Roman.” Or, when people even jestingly bring up Samurai culture, those who commit seppuku. Falling on your sword. Call it what you want.

Beyond that there are the suicide-homicides. Those that kill not just themselves, but others as they go down. The Sampsons that pull down the temple on the heads of others. Balin and the Dolorous Blow that destroys the Grail Castle. The 9/11 hijackers and the Trade Center. The suicide bombers across the world. The Columbine shooters. Mere boys. The others that “go postal” and attack and wound or kill themselves and others. Their families, their workplace, their neighbors, their places of worship, their schools.

It keeps going on. I keep thinking, “This is madness!” “No, this is Sparta!” Yet this is not Sparta. This is not ancient Rome or Britain. This is the United States of America and the modern world.

I thought about what it means to have operational capital to keep a suicide prevention hotline staffed, as well as programs to deal with troubled hearts and grieving families. To face the day-to-day costs of suicide. So long as people do not change in their attitudes, it will be more than a Herculean effort. It will be Sisyphean predicament. The ball will only roll down the other side, as we discover, just as we face one crisis, people commit suicide for other reasons.

The best way to deal with this is to truly pray and contemplate the meaning of life. The meaning of our own lives. And to find meaning, purpose, and value in our own existences. To engender that will to live. To accept that Jesus suffered to die, and yet was reborn, so that all of us might suffer to live.

We can all go through our own “death of our egos” and then be “reborn” in a psychological or spiritual sense. I am not asking people necessarily to convert to Christianity as the “only” way to find faith in the world and life, yet to consider the life of Christ, and the Christian experience, as analogy for our own experiences. Or which ever great teacher shows us how our existence is filled with suffering, and yet, there is a purpose to it.

Buddha would say, “Exactly!” Jesus would say, “Now you’re on to something!” And Prof. Henry Higgins would say, “By Jove, you’ve got it!” I suppose that makes him an adherent to Roman religion in a way.

My own spirit has been opening up again after devastating realities in my past. The Flowers in the Cracks began to blossom again for me in 2006, after the personal tragedies and failures of my past. I had my own personal epiphany and began my own pilgrim’s path.

Thus, after all this thought and effort, I was further hammered when in 2008, my college friend Terry Young committed suicide.

For everything I had done, I had not done enough.

This was why on 27 September 2008, I did a second suicide prevention walk for the AFSP.

I didn’t fly to Hadrian’s Wall this year. I’ve been there. Done that. Got the t-shirt. (It says, “I Walked the Wall.” I then sing, “But the Wall won...”)

I just got dressed in my kit, in commemoration of the 2006 walk, and my international effort to raise awareness for a consciousness filled with hope and the desire for survival, and the appreciation and value of human life.

This year, I only raised $330.

Yet this year, I am not attached to the monetary contribution. I read the headlines. Life is very tough right now.

Yet if my life depended on raising $1,000, I’d be dead right now. A second time over.

Fortunately, I saw the shortfall coming, and backed down my commitment to $500. So I owe, personally, another $170 to the cause I believe in.

The money mattered less to me this year than the prior walk. Because of one thing: my friend Harshi walked with me. He heard what I was doing, and he said he’d be there.

I may not have raised sufficient money to “save my life,” or the lives of those who struggle with depression and thoughts of suicide. Yet this year, someone walked beside me.

Harshi will ever have my gratitude for being there this 27 September 2008.

Many people, right now, are in financial straights far more desparate than at any time I have ever known in my life. While I have known and previously helped homeless people, 2008 is a whole different ball of wax.

I know too many people who have been locked out of their apartments. People who have found the notice on the door. People who are homeless or near homeless. Late with the rent. Too late.

The Great Depression was named so not only for the economy, but for the bleakness it cast over people’s hearts and lives. The sun was just as bright and the days just as long. Yet people felt a cloud over themselves. Unsurity. Fear. Uncertainty. Doubt. Trouble.

Just as it was no coincidence that the movement is called Out of the Darkness. It reminds me of “Let there be light.” The lightness to be kindled in each heart.

FDR would have said a rousing speech, and played “Happy days are here again.”

Perhaps we need good songs in 2008 now to turn from dark depression to days of light. If you know of any good ones, please let me know.

If you want to write a song to reflect the story I have told today, to commemorate those who suffer, and to focus on hope for the future, please send it to me at PeterCorless@mac.com.

For the sake of history, and the educational purposes of Legio X Fretensis, please tie what you can thematically to Roman culture and art. Yet it need not be so. You can drop the trope if you wish.

For me, for now, it is onwards to adventure. Enjoy the day.

-Peter Corless.
petercorless@mac.com
650-906-3134 (mobile)

Hadrian's Wall Trip, June 2006, Peter Corless' Journal

In June of 2006, more than two years ago, Bob Garbisch asked us to write reports of our experiences. A soldier‘s journal, verbatim, has often been the best historical source for information of what life was like in ancient history. Though I kept my journal, I did not publish it until today.

Let this serve as a history lesson of what Legio X was doing on Hadrian’s Wall two years ago. Note that my journal remains incomplete. It is merely a snapshot. A fragmentary history much as one might have found from ancient Roman or Medieval texts.

—Peter Corless.
Mountain View, California
15 October 2008




19 June — Dusk at Arbeia

Today I left Huntingdonshire and the modern world behind. Yesterday I had the privilege of pouring a bronze sword. Today, I dressed in my Roman reenactment gear. It’s lights out.

More tomorrow.

20 June — Arbeia at Dawn

It is just after dawn. My bladder acted as a natural alarm clock. I was nearly all dressed as I slept: tunic, pants, my Pannonian-style cap, and cloak which doubles as a blanket. There is a second blanket here in the barracks, but I had used it to bolster my pillow instead.

Yet the morning is frigid here, so I'm now neatly tucked in under the cloak around my shoulders and the blanket over my feet.

Near dawn the shadows are quite long. One can more readily sense the alignment of the Arbeia camp with the rising sun.

Looking about my room in the barracks, the wall is creacked and the plaster is already coming down. It needs a fresh plastering and painting. There's a bit of water stain on the ceiling where it leaks, but not bad. The worst crack in the wall is above the fireplace.

One can truly appreciate the invention of socks in the morning. It is cold outside and the air has a sting to it. Bt the socks make the day quite bearable.

Tre of us are in the barracks Myself and a married couple. He’s sawing away in his sleep now and then. She is a Latin-educated woman with roots in Idaho, but now lives in San Diego, CA.

Let me backtrack here and speak about how yesterday was perfectly timed. I got out of the cab, dragged my bags into the Arbeia Museum, and Bob Garbisch appeared out of nowhere behind me. It was perfect timing, and I took it as a good sign.

Yet the rest of the day’s timing and events were a bit off. For instance, I had problems using 220V power in the UK. Though I have adapter plugs aplenty, for the past week in Britain I have been without power for my Macintosh. So I was unable to confirm with Nigel when precisely to meet.

In a way I was at peace with it. The loss of my power meant I’d be without both my computer as well as at a loss to recharge my video camera and my batteries for my still camera. his means I have been using them exceedingly sparingly. I wish I had more liberal use of them, but at the same time it means I have to focus on being here now. Soaking it in with my own senses. Trusting in Nature rather than in Man’s creations.

So, again, coming to Arbeia, South Shields, was a brilliant example of dead reckoning and good timing.

The trip up from Huntingdon included giving a lift to a hitchhiker near Doncaster up to Newcastle. He was from MacDuff in Scotland, on the North Sea coast facing due north beyond Aberdeen. He had a fair way to go before he saw home. He was the last to make a call on the Mobile Phone I had rented. In a way it made it all worthwhile. He was a fisherman by trade. A strapping fair-haired Scotsman. But it was good to hear him call his mum and tell her he was running a bit behind in his plans to get to Aberdeen.

I dropped the rental car off at the airport. Their computer system was down as well. I felt a bit better to know I was not the only person experiencing technical difficulties.

The fellow at the Eurocar counter was the one who suggested I take the train through Newcastle. I was pleasantly surprised at the efficiency and scale of their system. Four cards. Lots of stops. Lines that run north and south of the Tyne serving quite a fair bit of square kilometers of neighborhoods.

When I got off at the South Shields elevated station, I could see the walkers-only marketplace behind me. Yet to the other side was the bus stops, and after going own the elevator was the place to catch a cab. An old woman before me zigged and I caught her heel in my rolling luggage. I had the two pieces and it was difficult to control them both. I had my laptop bag, and my silver Adidas bag and the Apple bag on my back and the two rolling pieces. I had barely avoided a lit cigarette on the sidewalk and I rounded the corner and she swerved in ahead of me. Yet she turned around and frowned and told me to watch where I was going. I apologized but she was all huffy. It was quite a hen-like behavior. Buck-buck!

I piled into a cab and rode it over to South Shields. The cabby wondered if this was the place, so I ducked into the museum and confirmed that it was. Yes indeed! So I hefted my luggage out of the boot and dragged it on up. That's when Bob showed up with Nigel.

After a brief discussion, it was agreed for me to stay behind at the fort while they went back to the train station to fetch more arriving reenactors.

Ah! There we go. My two neighbors are at last up. She just headed off to hit the latrines. He burped. Gulls outside are calling and sweeping back and forth overhead. Meanwhile, let’s return to the flashback.

(6:30) I waited at the old Roman ruins. They had a nice little museum. I was quite impressed by the lock they have on display. The Romans had a number of mechanical locks.

Nothing like what they produced would be recreated or improved upon for centuries, I am sure. I was also struck by how there was a baby’s skeleton buried underneath the fort. Apparentyl only small children were allowed to be buried under buildings. Though other graves found on the Arbeia site were for adults. One Victor of North Africa, and a woman of the Catuvelauni tribe who married a fellow fluent in Aramaic.

It made me mindful of the Grail legends in that way. A Middle Easterner marrying a Brit.

The reconstructed gate tower is fairly well-done. I enjoyed cranking the handles for the audio tour, but it looked geeky as heck.

Remember to write about the “Queen of Scandanavia.” But right now, Bob just came by for morning muster and to check to see if we were up. Everyone’s getting up, so it’s time to put away the noutes and get ready for the day.

I was assigned the role of scout and cook this morning. I have the map of the wall as well as the directions of our hostel tonight in Heddon-on-the-Wall.

Our equiment was toe be rented and delivered to us but no one call to confirm when.

(1:00 pm) We got to St. Anthony’s, and the Walker Riverside Park. There was a bit of confusion about whether this was the right place or not. We double-checked with a local Environmental Protection fellow.

At Wallsend there were the usual low rocks and gift shop. I was tempted to buy books, but then we’d have to pack them for the return trip.

The clouds were turnin greyer and the wind was picking up. There was still a patch of blue south of the river but it looked like the weather will be turning worse.

Marcus decided to go on to a 3 mile mark

We had reached the Millennium Bridge by our second break. The sun is out now though the skies are mostly cloudy. The wind was blowing so strong it knocked off construction scaffolding high above us to the north of the river. There’s some shelter down low near the river. My heels have had the worst of it so far. The Centurion allowed me to pull up the socks after we ran into a fellow who just walked the Wall in the opposite direction.

I recall seeing a television show on the Millennium Bridge. Newcastle definitely looks quite spiffy compared to when I came here in 1994.

Day 3, 22 June 7:30 AM

Yes, days have passed without a journal entry. Yesterday and the day before were rather packed with a lot of walking, and also a lot of exhausted resting.

My heels blistered up by the end of the first day. The walking on concrete combined with the abrasion of the seam of the socks did a terrible number on my heels.

The trip after the Bridges area through Newcastle was rather harsh. There was no real sites to see and pounding asphalt pavment is never fun. We walked past a wharf where we were supposed to meet Nigel but he was not nearby. So we rested in a small square by the river beside the Environmental Agency building. A man on a smoke break came by to ask us questions, and then a woman named Chivon.

Robert went inside to give Nigel a call. Eventually he came walking up the river. He had parked somewhere up on a terrace above, and we all had to climb up steps to reach the van.

We then had a merciful ride along the A695 past construction. Nigel’s GPS was not working so I had to guide him by my maps. We almost ended up crossing the river to Blaydon, but after taking the roundabout all the way around we ended up correctly on the A6085.

We had successfully gotten off the OS 316’s front page and were now on the back side of the map. The trip by van took us past Denton Dene and we deposited outselves outside the Newburn Leisure Center. It was the Jacobite Battle of Newburn when the Scots and English fought (Charles I). There was a 1640 battlefield site which is now the Tyne Riverside County Park.

The sky was grey and the wind was blustering lightly. We ate our food and began our more rural march heading west to a bicycle/equestrian path. We ducked behind the main road going down a path called Blayney Row.

A few of the locals walking their dogs joined with us marching for a short ways. The dogs were curious who we were. I remember a car under a rather small shed. I thought it would be challenging to stand up under that vaulted roof. It looked rather temporary but it certainly served to keep the elements off the vehicle. There was another dog that sat in a back yard and watched us as we filed past.

The trail beyond was rather pleasant. The rise to the north runs up one hundred meters from the Tyne Valley to the line of the Wall.

[Margin notes: Jacobite 1640’s Radcliffe’s Dilton Castle]

I knew the march up the hill would be tough and I warned people we’d have a rough go of it.

We weren’t actually on the Hadrian’s Wall path. We were on a bicycle/horse path running a bit north of it. It was a straighter run, and not as exposed to the breeze up the river valley. We eventually came to the golf course to the north of the path.

We had a short break there to rest up before the ascent. The break was ended as we saw a pair of golfers getting ready to tee off.

The goal was to meet Nigel at the Close House. Walking up the path we came across horses in a paddock. One came over and Bob went over to it, and it wandered away. It was a beautiful creature off to the right of the path.

We turned left and took the ridge line up a road to Close House. We got to the back of Close House but no one went around to the front. Had we done so, we might have met Nigel.

Instead, we briefly waited and then headed up the hill on towards Heddon-on-the-Wall.

Ironically, as Bob and I had gone up the hill we had spoken about him falling back and coaching the laggards on to keep up with the rest. Yet once we were making the last bits up the hill Bob went on ahead. I stopped and waited for Joe. We had a good rest waiting for Romani and Jeff.

Then we all marched up the rest of the way. However, our Centurion was nowhere to be seen. There had been a turn-off to the left he had missed. It takes you to the west of town and dumps you straight into Houghton. Take a sharp left and walk up the lane (B6528), and you’ll soon come to Houghton North Farm.

We arrived! Paula, the proprietess, is a jovial, soft, lyrically-speakng woman.

Tuesday, September 16, 2008

Poppies, And The Flower of England

Photograph credit: Robert Garbisch, June 2006

It was June of 2006. We Roman re-enactors of Legio X Fretensis, quite ludicrous yet profoundly natural and sublime in our gear, came across a field of English poppies. We were re-enacting history. We loved that we were doomed to repeat it, through our costuming and our roleplay.

Yet today it is not so humorous how we seemed doomed to synthesize the troubles of our history, and repeat the follies of the past.

Sting, who lived in the environs of Hadrian’s Wall, sang these lyrics in his song Children’s Crusade:
“The children of England would never be slaves
They’re trapped on the wire and dying in waves
The flower of England face down in the mud
And stained in the blood of a whole generation”
Sting at the time was comparing the lives lost to the folly of World War One to the folly of those being lost to the drug trade then blossoming rampant in Europe:
“Midnight in Soho Nineteen Eighty Four
Fixing in doorways, opium slaves
Poppies for young men, such bitter trade
All of those young lives betrayed
All for a children’s crusade”
Twenty four years after Sting’s lament of the waste of life, and now nearly 90 years after the end of the First World War, Armistice Day, we can reflect back upon the lyrics of Children’s Crusade with more perspective.

For the drug trade in opium is more fierce than ever, globally, driven by the war in Afghanistan.

Between now and this Armistice Day, which will occur on November 11, 2008, at precisely 11:11 AM GMT, consider and reflect how we can solve both the problems of young men dying in needless wars around the world, driven by profit and the desires of powerful rulers, and also how we can help solve the self-dissolution of damaging drug addiction.

The vision of poppies transfixed me that day. Being so close to Newcastle, I could see with my own eyes the same sort of poppies that would have sparked Sting’s creative vision. Almost as if I walked the fields of his own boyhood. I felt a deep bittersweet nostalgia that day. Respect and sorrow for lives lost to war, and to the dissolution of drug addiction. It was all the same for Sting. Someone profited, and others paid with their lives.

What runs through his mind these days, decades later, seeing how both zealotry-driven war and the profits of drugs are synthesized now, combined into a conflagration of crisis, fueling an even greater tragedy across Europe and Asia today? How would the peoples of ancient Europe have reflected on the “progress” we have made after nearly two millennia since the formation of Roman Britain? How are the wars we fight these days any more or less “civilized” than the ancient wars of domination and control fought at the foundation of the Wall we walked along?

I can only imagine.

Children’s Crusade (Lyrics)
Sting, October 13, 1990, “Children’s Crusade” (YouTube video)

Wednesday, August 27, 2008

Legio X Fretensis at the Scottish Highland Games

Salve, noti! (Salutations, friends!)

The Legion is on the march!

During the month of our fair emperor Augustus, on the Weekend of the Day of Labor, the Roman Army is dispatching Legio X Fretensis to the 2008 Scottish Highland Games at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, California, August 30-31 (Saturday and Sunday).

We hope to see our friends and relations, to share fun, to educate the young and adults alike, and to create new bonds of amicitae (friendship). We know well the Caledonians are renown across all Terra as a brave, strong and warlike race. As Romans, we have that reputation in common! Yet both our peoples are more than this: hearty and curious, creative and gregarious, musical and wise. We share these qualities in common too.

Our strength respects their strength, and we respect the traditions of this wild and hearty people. Legio X is glad and honored to have been invited to this gathering of the clans.

Besides, we all love to eat, drink and enjoy life. Word has reached our barracks this will be quite a festivus (feast)!

Until our paths cross on the Via Vita (Road of Life), salve!

PETRVS PAVLVS

Getting the Centurio Registered

After a mystical use of a pair of vox jaculatori, or what us modern people call telephones, Bob is getting registered today for Blogger. With that, the exploratio will lead the centurio into this new terra incognita of blogging, and show him how to keep the blog updated.

Monday, August 25, 2008

A Memory: Planning the Hadrian’s Wall Hike

Our Centurio in his civilian disguise, as mild-mannered Bob Garbisch, March 28,2006

This was the day Bob got me first geared up for Legio X Fretensis’s Hadrian’s Wall Hike. I had, before this, participated in a Central Valley hike, which was quite an experience. This was going to be the Big Kahuna. Britain! Hadrian’s Wall! The edge of Empire!

Bob took me into his garage and we started plowing through tons of gear. Literally.

Try this on for size!

You can see the leather chest guard, a steel torc and this conical helmet. Note there are left-and-right feather-slits right over the ears. A properly decorated helmet would have tall plumes indicating a swift scout.

What a ludicrous sight! But now you can see more how the armor works. I actually did use the helmet and the bag on the trip. We skipped the armor. Apparently as a scout (exploratio), I was going to be afforded my tunica and that was about all the armor I needed. *gulp!*

Britain, here we come!

Catching Up

Author’s note: It has been quite a long time since I updated this blog. Indeed, I never finished the story of the trip to Britannia. We also never got this blog transfered over properly to Bob Garbisch to edit.

I started this blog with the hope of keeping the unit’s ancient Roman and modern present-day history up-to-date.

My interest in the “Ol’ 10th” was sparked again when I recently Web-bumped into an old friend, Kathy Plamback, via a social networking site. She informed me she works for a company named Legio X, Inc., along with Don Perrin.

Quite a coincidence!

As I sit and type this, my helmet and my caligae are both within reach for ready action! For the life of me I am unsure where my gladius ended up. The centurio will have me beaten for sure!

Fond memories, though, come back of our 2006 hike on Hadrian’s Wall. It is probably about time to tell the rest of the story.

-Peter Corless. (PETRVS PAVLVS)

Thursday, April 06, 2006

Vita Galainus Apollo Conall

I. Departing Roma

On the Rainy Road

Galainus heaved a sigh, sucked in his gut, and hefted his wicker basket higher upon his back once again. The weather had been rainy. Rain, rain, rain, rain! It was like the tale the Jews told. Forty days and forty nights! He wondered when Marcus Aurelius would order an ark built at the Temple of Neptune.

The first time Galainus entered Roma it was as a slave. His father, a scribe in Eburacum[1], had gone into debt. Too few denarii for too many pots of ink and rolls of parchment. So there was nothing much else to do but to sell the children off to slavery! This was how he had ended up in Roma.

At least, this was the story Galainus told others. Sometimes he ended it differently. Sometimes he changed the middle. For Galainus was Hibernian of lineage and a born storyteller. And if a story was not outrageous enough, he'd embellish it with fanciful flourishes like the great shanachie of Éire, which the Romans called Hibernia[2].

It was under such servile conditions Centurio Marcus Antonius Lucius found Galainus and arranged for his freedom—so long as he was willing to join the Legio! Cohors IV (Quartae) of Legio X (Deci) Fretensis. After some years learning Latin in Rome, Galainus was good enough to pick out the words for "Fourth Cohort" and "Tenth Legion," but he was curiously delighted to find out the surname "Fretensis" meant "of the Sea Straights." He always had an affinity for the sea.

Galainus never considered the military as a lad, and yet here he was: over the age of forty and now (or again) a member of the Roman army as an exploratore!

His new role was to scout ahead of Marcus' Cohors and guide troops through the terrain of Britainnia. Though Legio X was normally stationed in Judaea, for reasons known only to the commanders of the Legions and the Emperor himself a detachment was being sent to Britannia. Marcus asked if Galainus was ready to be a native scout under his command.

This would be easy, wouldn't it? After all, was not Galainus Apollo Conall a renown expert in the geography, peoples and customs of the northern extents of Britannia?

When people pointed out that he hadn't been to Britannia since his childhood, and even then he had not traveled far outside the lands of the Parisi and Coritani tribes, he'd gregariously assure and concerns and recite a few tales to show he remembered a goodly bit of his homeland. Though he made it sound like he walked these places, what was more true was that Galainus could recite tales of steps made by his father and grandfather, claiming such deeds as his own. He knew it was better to properly crediting his forebears, yet he spoke such tales so convincingly that at times even he believed he had been there at some time in his life!

Besides, since most people in Rome had never been to Britannia themselves, how could they dispute his words?

Galainus had a few times met true shanachie telling tales for coins in Eburacum when he was a child, and even saw one in Roma when he was an adult. They played their strange tall harps, and told the greatest stories about the heroes of ages. All from memory! No reading from scrolls like the Romans did. They were like the Greek actors. Even better! It was grand. Mnemosyne be praised!

In his mind he fancied himself a great poet. He'd boast of his own oratory powers. "Ovid? You like his poetry? Wait until you hear mine!"

Only, he often forgot his lines and needed to read from his scrolls. He was the butt of several jokes, yet didn't mind much at all. At least he could make people laugh!

As he walked in the soaking rain, he was painfully aware of other truths besides his aching feet and back. Not resting for a moment as his feet repeatedly trod the paving stones of the Via Cassia[3], he cracked his back and was glad he had escaped the cracking of scourges and whips. He was always a good slave, so had never been harshly beaten. But he had been threatened enough by such prospects to wish not to return to such straights.

He had indeed been freed by Centurio Marcus to serve in the Legio, but he swiftly changed his mind about being a soldier and practically abandoned his oaths of service to the field command, instead serving as a scribe at the military headquarters in Roma. ("Only temporarily!" he had assured the Centurio.)

That was seven years ago now. Almost eight. He had signed up for the Legio in good faith, but after his first march with Marcus, wincing at his torn-up feet, having had to pick out tough-as-hobnails prickly seed pods from of his soles, Galainus nearly fled the life of the field army. He arranged to have a position assigned in the capital performing logistical and scribal tasks for the Legions, avoiding service in the provinces scrupulously.

Recent circumstances, which he was purposefully vague about, suddenly required Galainus to face his obligations to the Centurio. So he had come to Marcus and asked for a field position. Yes, anywhere but Roma sounded good right about now!

Thus the Centurio chose for him the role of exploratore for his Cohors. A scout.

"I need someone who knows northern Britannia."

Of course! Who would know the north of Britannia better than Galianus Apollo Conall? Was he not born in Eburacum?

"I thought you said you were from Petuaria?"

Well, wasn't that close enough?

Apparently it was, because no sooner had Galainus offered his services than he found himself laden with wicker pack, helmet, spear, and all the other accouterments of a freedman exploratore.

What? No horse?

No. Apparently not.

The vehiculatio, the Imperial posting system such as used by the Imperial courier service, the cursus publicus, could make 200 milia passuum per day in an emergency by changing horses at regular intervals. Yet this was reserved for high-born men and army personnel far higher up on the Roman hierarchy. Galainus would have to walk.

And thus, his first duty as an exploratore was an excursion on foot between Roma and a few military colonies. From there to the Danuvia Flumen[4], and then on to the Rhenus Flumen[5] frontiers. At the mouth of the Rhenus, at Praetorium Agrippinae[6], he was to board a ship to take him to Britannia. He was practically home at last!

* * *

Resting for Prandium

Before we get ahead of ourselves, thought Galianus, let's consider what we have now before us: a long trip from Roma to Colonia Veneria[7] and Brixia[8], where the Tenth's ex-legionnaires retired. As an exploratore, it was his first task to find these cities in Italia.

On his march out of Roma, he had stopped to pay homage to Venus at her temple and pray for safe passage at the Ara Pacis, Augustus' Altar of Peace. The latter ironically stood on the Campus Martius—the Plain of Mars, god of War. Galainus prayed fervently that he would find love and peace on the road. While he was a warrior, the last thing he wanted to suffer from was being waylaid alone on the road. And the thing he most hoped to find on the road was a wife!

Since leaving behind the city, he had long ago crossed the Pons Mulvius[9] over the turbulently-flowing Tiberis Flumen[10] and passed by a few towns. The rains had swelled the river and it was even flowing outside of its banks in places, he had heard. He then passed by the ancient Etruscan city of Veii[11] nestled and hidden in a nearby valley to the east. He rested for a bit and leaned on his spear. The drizzle was steady but it was not the torrent he had experienced in the morning. After a while he kept moving again.

In a second rest, he sat and ate his prandium—a luncheon of some bread, meat, cheese, olives and fruit he had bought in Roma before departing. He had plenty of food upon him for the march. It was early in the afternoon, and there were still many hours before the sun set. He gazed at the overcast sky and was glad the air was almost dry now. But the ground was not. As he sat on his damp cloak under a tree, his back facing to the west, he enjoyed the taste of wine and grunted at the stray bits of dry crumbling cheese that escaped his grasp and tumbled onto the mud.

He marched north along the the Via Cassia. He had his sights upon Baccanae[12] by dusk. If he could achieve that city, the next day would be an easier march to Sutrium[13]. Ahead along the Via Cassia in a few days stretched the Via Traiana Nova[14]. It diverged from the Via Cassia north out of Volsinii Novi[15] beside the Volsiniensis Lacus[16]. This helpfully straightened the route of the old Via Cassia for a bit, bypassing the older Etruscan Urbi Vetus[17]. It then joined back into the Via Cassia near the crossing of the often-stagnant and slow-flowing Clanis Flumen[18]. Galainus was a bit concerned because with the rains the river might actually be far from stagnant.

Perhaps, he hoped, the weather would dry up in the next few days.

All this was his passage through the old Etruria valley. Land of the Etruscans.

He remembered other names further in his trip only barely. Once north of Clusium[19] up the Clanis valley, he would eventually cross the watershed into the valley of the Arnus Fluvium[20]. There, he would find Arretium[21], and follow the river to Florentia[22]. Thereafter Galainus' mind fogged. There was supposed to be a road north from there through the Appenines. Finally he would get out of the mountains near Bononia[23].

"Find Bononia," Marcus had instructed him. "You can't miss it. From there, take the Via Aemilia[24] west."

Right. Find the Via Aemilia. "The Imitating Way." Perhaps it could also mean "The Rivaling Way." Heading west, he would eventually come to Placentia[25] along the Padus Flumen[26]. The Via Postumia[27] would then cut back north and east and enter Venetia[28] and come at last to Colonia Veneria—the Colony of Venus. It sounded delightful!

In their last counsel before Galainus left, Marcus and he agreed it was better to take the main road than to wonder about the conditions on the less-travelled route through Brixellum and a ferry across the rain-flooded Padus.

If all this sounded complicated, fortunately he had all this written down. He prayed to the heavens his scrolls were not getting soaked and ruined under the skin used to cover his wicker pack. Otherwise this would be a long trip indeed!

Upon visiting both Colonia Veneria and Brixia (which was mercifully not far to the north), he was to drop off some scrolls and pick up others to bring to his Centurio. Marcus would be taking another road. They would meet up again in Eburacum in Britannia before heading to the Wall.

Then was to come his next great task. From Brixia the road east to Colonia Emona[29] would be another 250 miles—another two weeks or so. He was supposed to travel inland across Pannonia Superior[30] and Pannonia Inferior[31], through the towns of Siscia[32] and Mursa[33] to finally arrive at Cornacum[34] along the Danuvius, in the land of the Cornacates. This was one of the Pannonian Limes, the frontier fortifications of the Empire.

There he was to fetch more scrolls from members of the Pannonian Frontier defenses for the Centurio. The greatest challenge was that Marcomanni, Quadi and other barbarian tribes had crossed the Danuvius Flumen early in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, back when Lucius Aurelius Verus was still alive. These barbarian hordes were still spread out across Pannonia as far south as Opitergium[35] near Iulia Concordia[36]. This would make traveling across the north of Italia on the Via Postumia frought with peril.

When Galainus wondered why the Centurio did not send the cursus publicus to fetch his scrolls. Marcus explained all of this was part of his testing and training. He was to show that he could explore and march across the empire afoot and alone, surviving in potentially hostile-controlled territory. He was to not antagonize the Quadi or Marcomanni, but simply observe. The fact that he would be dressed as a Celt, and not a Roman, could be seen as a disguise. When Galainus asked whether they might kill him as a spy, the Centurio looked him in the eye and smiled:

"Firmitas et Honorare!"

Why was Marcus always in such a chipper mood about marching into enemy-held lands? Where did he get such valor? It made no sense to Galainus. But he was now committed to the path. He replied with a bit of irony, trying to muster some positive feelings for the adventure:

"Gratias, Centurio! Die dulci fruere!" — Thanks, Centurio! Have a nice day!

Why, asked Galainus, was he to head east to the far stretches of Pannonia Inferior as opposed to heading straight north over the passes to Raetia[37] or directly to Germania Superior[38]? Other than picking up scrolls and dodging barbarians in search of plunder, of course.

The answer was given by the Centurio soberly and in earnestness. Supposedly there was a shrine to deceased Illyrian Cornacates who had asked the Romans for help in Pannonia during the Illyrian revolt centuries ago. Help had not reached them in time, and they died defending the Roman Empire. Tiberius and Germanicus subdued the province, yet all that could be done then was to bury the dead.

Centurio Marcus thought it well for Galainus to find this shrine to the Fallen Cornacates, now well over a century of years old, and pay respects to the people who were not Romans, but who believed in the virtues of Roma, and who had died in the defense of the Senate and the People of Roma.

"Since you too are not directly Roman by blood, but you are allied in your heart, you should see the place where these people died, and understand what they fought for. You should see for yourself how barbaric treachery can destroy people who may love a nation and a people not their own."

Thus he was to see if he could find the place where the fallen Illyrian Cornacates lay.

"If you can find this place, which remains but a mention in the history of our Legio, then you can find any spot in the Empire!"

The only thing more obscure to find was a lost gold coin lost from the Legio spoken of in the apocryphal tale. It was apparently lost near Timacum Minus[39] on the road from the goldsmiths and mints in Aureliana[40] to the provincial town of Nissus[41] in Moesia[42] earlier during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. "Now, if you can find that, you'd have to have the eyes of Aquila and Fortuna's blessing!"

Yes, of course. Aquila's blessing. For a moment as he marched, Galainus dropped his eyes to the paving stones and checked the cracks to see if there were any lost coins. There was no sun to glint off metal, so all he saw was mud and puddles and a few spring flowers making their early debut. A few yellow and violet blossoms here and there drinking up the cold rain. He wish he knew what they were called.

There was another important reason for the trip. With the overrunning raids of the Quadi and the Marcomanni, the Centurio wanted him to scout the area and bring him a report of what the frontier was like. How the current people of the land were defending against the invaders. How their spirits fared, and how strong or desperate their situation stood at this time. He was also to watch the legions, the alae, and the other auxilia to see how they organized themselves.

It made sense. The actual "Roman" Romans were the minority now. The Romans, like Centurio Marcus, needed to understand the alliances of the peoples that were all working for the good of the Empire, even if few of them bore the typical Italic features of centuries past. They were political Romans, not blood Romans.

One day, if Galainus could fulfill his duties as a Roman in the military, he too would be granted citizenship. He hoped that if he ever had children, they too would be free citizens of the Empire. For now he was a freedman, whose bond was pledged to the Legio and the Emperor.

Roma was truly cosmopolitan, to borrow the Greek word. People from Europa, Africa, and Asia all intermingled, intermarried, and interlocuted naturally and easily. Greek philosophers, Aegyptian scribes and Hebraic scholars sat side-by-side with him at the sumptuous dinners of the capital city of the world.

For now, Roma and all its pleasant populous was behind him. Before him rose the wet, cold, cloudy road north through the hills of Italia. And beyond that, the wild lands of Pannonia.

* * *

The Illyrian Gods

While he was in Roma, Galainus had been able to speak with a Greek historian. Once Galainus paid a few coins to honor Clio, Muse of History, the old Greek teacher told him what he knew about the gods of Dalmatia[43] and Pannonia. The Greek historian assured him they worshipped the same gods as in ancient Illyria[44]. If not, this was still the closest that Galainus discovered given the time he had before he left for the march. He was sure the tale was be worth hearing nonetheless.

The chief gods of the Illyrians were Ou, the god of Heaven, and Genusus, the goddess of the Earth.

Their first twin children included Mikon, god of Friendship and his twin brother Zeau, who ruled Intelligence. They were both born as snakes. Galainus thought it odd that the Illyrians chose a snake for friendship, because so many cultures saw the serpent as treacherous. Almost to confirm his worst fears, the Illyrian and Pannonian people had a reputation for being backward, uncultivated, bloodthirsty and treacherous.

In other words, a typical Roman border province! Were they so different than the Britons or the German tribes? Not really. All were treacherous, superstitious and one more thing. He once learned another Greek word: xenophobic. Afraid of outsiders. Actually, probably more hateful than fearful. Yet a Mithraic cultist from Tarsus[45] once told him that hate stems from fear, deep down. That made sense to Galainus.

Reflecting on this, he realized he did not hate the pavement stones nor the cold wet puddles. He knew they meant him no ill-will. So he splashed and tromped a bit playfully again as he marched. His helmet clattered, and his spear and shield clanged as he carried them.

He could tell his back would be a bundle of bones and aching muscles when he rested tonight. But he had no need to hate nor fear the road he walked. After all, so many others traveled it before him. He was safe in the confines of the Roman empire. He was dressed as a warrior, of the exploratores.

He was more than safe. He was projecting and producing safety upon the road. And who knows how many would travel it after him? All in the footsteps of his protective presence.

Speaking about water and warfare, the rest of the Illyrian pantheon also included the gods Radon of the Oceans, and Korrotos of War. Then there were the goddesses Broket of Food and Fortune, Shkumbe of Love and Beauty, and the last was the recursively named daughter of Genusus: Genusus.

Keeping in mythological and Celtic custom, both the sons Mikon and Zeau co-married their sister Genusus. As Julius Caesar himself observed, it was not uncommon amongst the Celts to have a common wife which bore children for many men. Sometimes brothers would share a wife, or an extended family would all share her. She would have children with fathers and their sons. They would all protect her and treat the children as the issue of the first man to introduce her to the clan. The Romans found this repugnant.

However, didn't the Romans have their gods marry their own sisters? Galainus found this just as puzzling. Wasn't the point of marriage to bring in new blood to the tribe? New spirits from other peoples? Typical Roman hypocrisy! Ah well. He was a soldier, not a priest.

Unlike Mars, the god of War which the Romans idolized and readily welcomed, the Illyrian Korrotos was banished from his land. He later married his sister Broket, and was allowed back to the land. Apparently womanly food and good fortune could tame war and make him a happy husband, which Galainus thought was rather obvious once he thought about it.

Likewise Rodon of the seas was banished. He lived in the Caves of Rodon by the Dalmatian coast. He took Shkumbe for his bride. Galianus heard many say the Hadriaticum Mare[46] could indeed make anyone wish to leave their lands and live in a cave nearby just to hear the sea because it was so beautiful. So he supposed this was true also.

The Roman Emperor Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus also loved the Illyrian provinces, especially Pannonia Inferior. It was one of his favorite places to visit. Hadrian ruled there as the first provincial governor of the newly-defined Pannonia Inferior before his ascension to the imperial throne. Before he had the Wall built.

Since this expedition to Britannia was inextricably connected to the Imperator Hadrian, it seemed appropriate for Galainus' first field mission to walk the land where the glorious successor to Trajan worked and vacationed.

The Limes of the Danuvius Frontier would be curious to compare to the Wall in any regard.

* * *

Legio Deci Fretensis

The Eyes of the great eagle Aquila? Galainus felt he was lucky to have eyes at all! He kept secret his eyesight was not as sharp as it had been in his younger days. For a scout, he did quite a bit of squinting at the distance. Even if the distance was less than a bowshot.

In the drizzling rain, he had to wipe his face now and then and often squinted as much to keep the wind-swept water out of his eyes as much as to adjust his vision over the distance. Being a scribe, often working late into the night with inkpot and crouched over scrolls, had taken away his vision at distance.

Perhaps one day he'd be a great blind poet! But for now, he'd need to keep that secret as best he could. It wouldn't do Legio Deci any good to have a half-blind scout!

The Tenth. They had a reputation of being hard-as-nails. Originally drawn up two centuries ago by Octavian (who became enthroned in heaven as Augustus Caesar), they heralded from Sicilia[47] and the southern tip of Italia where the Bruttii tribe lived[48]. "Of the Straights" referred to the treacherous straights of the Siculum Fretum[49], and the harrowing navigation required between Scylla[50] and whirlpool of Charybdis[51]. Their very name conjured tales of brave Ulysses. Also those tales mortal mariners who lived nearby this hazard, constantly watching the treacherous waters and navigating them bravely and safely.

If he served for a full year in the Legio, Galainus would be permitted the blue cloak of a Roman marine. It was a special legionary honor reserved for those who proved their mettle.

At its inception Legio Deci's first actions were in the battles against Sextus Pompeius at Mylae[52] (not to be confused with the great naval battle against Hannibal where the corvus was first employed) and Naulochus[53]. After defending the Sicilian grain for the people of Roma against the usurper, and their victory at Actium[54] over Marc Antony, the Legio traveled across many lands in defense of the Empire.

They were stationed for a while along the Danuvius frontier, then called to Syria[55] and Judaea[56], ably serving in the wars against the Jewish revolt and serving as a bulwark in the defense of the empire against the repeated machinations of Parthia[57]. They were still stationed along the eastern frontiers.

* * *

Route to the Danuvius Frontier

Galainus knew part of the trip already. Or at least, was familiar with the general direction of march. He had been to Aquincum[58] and spent some time in the land of the Azali in Pannonia Inferior some years ago. He was still a slave then, following as a scribe for his wealthy master. He had some free time to wander about a festival and to see gladiatorial combat. He loved the fools and minstrels of the land. They were a merry people!

The frontier had stablized considerably since the first incursion of the Marcomanni and Quadi. Apparently the Langobards who settled in Pannonia Superior were more than happy to side with Roma against the other barbarian tribes. Further, the new Castra Regina[59] was nearly completed by Legio III (Tertia) Italia.

Presently, he was taking the road further west and inland through the wet mountains to reach the central Italian plains instead of the eastward route. The road then to Aquincum had required him to head north and east from the capital on the Via Flaminia[60]. Thence it became the great sea road, known further north beyond Ad Portum[61] as the Via Popillia[62]. That had run into the Via Annia[63] north to the cities of Iulia Concordia[64] and Aquileia[65], and then east through the Alpes Iuliae[66]. If he took the road branching north from Emona[67] he would return to the legionary base and municipium of Aquincum. Instead, heading south and east, he would pass through Siscia and then Mursa, finally arriving at Cornacum.

Mountains and valleys. Valleys and mountains. It would be up and down the hills for days and weeks.

Roma to Colonia Veneria was over 300 miles. From the Colonia Veneria to Brixia would be another thirty five or so miles. So the first part of his trip would take him at least two weeks at a brisk 20 miles a day march. Feeling his feet, he thought aloud, "Probably three. Maybe four."

He was not used to such walking, and he knew that he'd have to rest rather frequently. So the whole month of April, the month of Venus, would be filled with celebrations to her for other people, but it would be filled with wet shoes and aching bones for Galainus.

"Both the poet and the month are yours!" he quoted Publius Ovidius Naso—the poet Ovid. Then he thought about the present day of the month. The fourth of April. So he quoted the lines of the poet's great Fasti for the month. Today was the Megalesian Feast of the Cybele. So he recited to himself as he marched:
Let the sky turn three times on its axis,
Let the Sun three times yoke and loose his horses,
And the Berecyntian flute will begin sounding
Its curved horn, it will be the Idaean Mother’s feast.

Eunuchs will march, and sound the hollow drums,
And cymbal will clash with cymbal, in ringing tones:
Seated on the soft necks of her servants, she’ll be carried
With howling, through the midst of the City streets.

The stage is set: the games are calling. Watch, then,
Quirites, and let those legal wars in the fora cease.
I’d like to ask many things, but I’m made fearful
By shrill clash of bronze, and curved flute’s dreadful drone.

‘Lend me someone to ask, goddess.’
Cybele spying her learned Granddaughters, the Muses,
ordered them to take care of me.
Eunuchs will march! How ironic. The Cybele priests were all eunuchs, yet here Galainus was still unmarried at 41! It was a public embarrassment now. Yet he was only made a freedman seven years ago. Yet while he had dalliances, he never was able to actually find a wife. Perhaps he'd meet her on this march!

Sure, he thought to himself, all the fair beauties of the empire would love to marry an unshaven, unkempt, dripping-wet smelly Celtic freedman warrior passing through on his way to the furthest nether regions of Britannia, right? Sure! He'd pull out some smooth Latin line, like "Credo fatum nos coegisse." ("I think fate brought us together!")

It hadn't worked so far, but he was ever hopeful that Fata and Fortuna would be kind to him at last.

He whistled and heard the only cymbals on the wind: the clanking of his gear on his shoulders, his back, and his hips. The sounds were dulled by the gentle patter of rain. No one else was marching on the road. Though the rain was now letting up. The sky was still grey and heavy, but the sun was piercing through a bit.

His mind filled with thoughts and hopes, Galainus Apollo Conall marched into his future.

* * *

Timeline

122 AD (875 AUC) - Emperor Hadrian visits Britannia and orders a Wall built between Segedunum (Wallsend), east of Pons Aelius (Newcastle) and Maia (Bowness), west of Luguvalium (Carlisle).

137 AD (890 AUC) - Galainus Apollo Conall born in Petuaria, Britannia, a town of the Parisi tribe along the banks of the Abus Flumen (River Humber)

138 AD (891 AUC) - Death of Emperor Hadrian; succession of Emperor Titus Aelius Adrianus Antoninus Pius Augustus Caesar (Antoninus Pius)

139 AD (892 AUC) - Hadrian deified over Senate objections

140 AD (893 AUC) - Death of the empress Faustina, in whose honour endowments are created for the nurture of poor girls (Faustinianae).

143 AD (896 AUC) - Defeat of Caledonians by Lollius Urbicus; construction begins on Antonine Wall between the Bodotria Aesturia (Forth) and the Clota Flumen (Clyde)

145 AD (898 AUC) - M. Aurelius married to the younger Faustina

147 AD (890 AUC) - M. Aurelius promoted to imperium proconsulare, tribunicia potestas, and ius quintae relationis.

150 AD (903 AUC) - Justin's first defence of the Christians, addressed to Emperor Antoninus, M. Aurelius, and Lucius "the philosopher."

154 AD (907 AUC) - War with Parthia breaks out.

155 AD (908 AUC) - War with Parthia concludes. Brigantes ravage north Britainnia for years. Galainus, age 18, made a slave; brought to Roma.

158 AD (911 AUC) - Iulius Verus finally defeats Brigantes. Hadrian's Wall re-occupied and fortified; Antonine Wall mostly abandoned. Legio VI Victrix dedicates temple to Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger) at Corstopitum (Corbridge).

160 AD (913 AUC) - Justin's second Apology for Christians sent to the Senate.

161 AD (914 AUC) - Death of Emperor Antoninus Pius; succession of Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus (Marcus Aurelius) and Lucius Aurelius Verus (Lucius Aurelius) as joint emperors. The Institutiones of Gaius published. British war threatens.

162 AD (915 AUC) - Galainus brought to Roma as a slave. Literate and numerate, serves as scribe.

163 AD (916 AUC) - L. Verus expels Parthians from Armenia.

165 AD (918 AUC) - Peace between Rome and Parthia. Widespread pestilence.

166 AD (919 AUC) - Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus replaced as ab epistulis by T. Varus Clemens

167 AD (920 AUC) - Rising of Marcomanni who besiege Aquileia; barbarian invasions of Dacia, Pannonia, Noricum and Raetia. M. Aurelius and L. Verus on the Danube. Famine and pestilence prevalent. Galainus travels to Britannia and Gaul as a slave and scribe; sees home for the first time since departing, but cannot stay.

168 AD (921 AUC) - Temporary peace with the barbarians.

169 AD (922 AUC) - Death and deificiation of Lucius Aurelius Verus; Marcus Aurelius sole Emperor. New barbarian invasions threaten Aquileia. M. Aurelius goes to the Danube. The Noctes Atticae of Aulus Gellius published.

170 AD (924 AUC) - The Langobardi appear on the Rhine and the Mauri invade Spain. Galainus travels to Aquincum, Pannonia Inferior as a slave and scribe.

171 AD (925 AUC) - Galainus made freedman by Centurio Marcus Antonius Lucius; marches briefly with Legio X Fretensis then achieves assignment as scribe to the Princeps Peregrinorum ("Chief of the Foreigners") at the Castra Peregrina (Foreigner's Camp) on Mons Caelis in Roma. Also performs work for the ab epistulis latinus (Latin-language Imperial Correspondent), in the scrinia (Archives), processing Imperial posts from Legio X Fretensis. British war threatens.

172 AD (925 AUC) - Victories over the Marcomanni and Iazyges. British war threatens.

173 AD (926 AUC) - Spain harassed by the Mauri. British war threatens.

174 AD (927 AUC) - Victory over the Quadi. (Christians create related legend of the "Thundering Legion"). M. Aurelius writes The Meditations about this time.

175 AD (928 AUC) - Peace with barbarians. Revolt and death of Auidius Cassius in Syria. Death and deification of Faustina. 5,500 Sarmatian cavalry sent to Britain.

176 AD (929 AUC) - The emperor endows philosophy chairs at Antioch, Alexandria and Athens.

177 AD (930 AUC) - Rising of the Marcomanni and other barbarian tribes.

179 AD (932 AUC) - Galainus leaves service in the scrinia and takes up role of exploratore for Legio X Fretensis; departs Roma 4 April. Castra Regia built by Legio III (Tertia) Italia.

* * *

Footnotes

[1] Eburacum: York, UK

[2] Eire and Hibernia: Both ancient names for modern Ireland.

[3] Via Cassia: Cassia was a form of spice, also known as Chinese or Indonesian cinnamon. So this was an ancient "spice road."

[4] Danuvia Flumen: The Danube River

[5] Rhenum Flumen: The Rhine River

[6] Praetorium Agrippinae: Valkenburg, Netherlands

[7] Colonia Veneria: Colony of the Goddess Venus; modern-day Cremona

[8] Brixia: Brescia in Italy

[9] Pons Mulvius: Milvian Bridge; also known as the Ponte Milvio

[10] Tiberis Flumen: The Tiber River which flowed through Rome.

[11] Veii: Etrurian city 16 km NNW of modern Rome

[12] Baccanae: A town along the Via Cassia; north of it the Via Amerina split and ran north, while the Via Cassia turned northwestwardly towards Sutrium; see below.

[13] Sutrium: Modern Sutri, in Viterbo province, Italy.

[14] Via Traiana Nova: the New Trajan Way

[15] Volsinii Novi: New Volsinii; modern Bolsena in Viterbo province, Italy. There is debate whether this is the same as the ancient Etruscan Velzna, or Volsinii vetus (Old Volsinii), which scholars associate with modern Orvieto. See Urbi Vetus below.

[16] Volsiniensis Lacus: Lake Bolsena, or Lago de Bolsena

[17] Urbi Vetus: also Urbs vetus, literally "Old City." This is the site of modern Orvieto, Umbria province. More likely the site of old Etruscan city of Velzna according to scholarly research. Also called Volsinii Vetus (Old Volsinii) to differentiate it from Volsinii Novi (New Volsinii). See Volsinii Novi above.

[18] Clanis Flumen: Modern River Chiana that flows through Tuscany (Etruria) and joins the Tiber not far southeast of Velzna.

[19] Clusium: Modern Chiusi.

[20] Arnus Fluvium: The modern Arno River which flows past Arezzo and through Florence.

[11] Arretium: Modern Arezzo in Italy. A Roman military station on the Via Cassia. An old Etruscan city of the Dodecapolis.

[22] Florentia: Modern Florence (Firenze) in Tuscany, Italy

[23] Bononia: Modern Bologna in Emelia-Romagna, Italy.

[24] Via Aemelia: Also Via Emelia. Literally translated as the Imitating Way or the Rivaling Way. Named after Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the consul who had ordered the road built c. 2d Century BCE.

[25] Placentia: Modern Piacenza, in Emelia-Romagna, Italy. As Wikipedia states: Although sacked and devastated several times, the city always recovered and as late as the 6th century Procopius called it Urbs Aemilia Princeps, namely the "Princess of the cities across the Via Aemilia", meaning "first city across the Via Aemilia".

[26] Padus Flumen: The Po River, which flows through northern Italy.

[27] Via Postumia: A road named in honor of the consul Spurius Postumius Albinus who had it constructed in 148 BC. It ran from the coast at Genua (Genoa) to Dertona (Tortona), Placentia (Piacenza), Colonia Veneria (Cremona), to Verona, Vicetia (Vicenza), the Augustan Colonia Iulia Concordia (Veneto, Italy),

[28] Venetia: Also known as the X

[29] Emona: Colonia Emona (Aemona) Iulia tribu Claudia, founded 15 AD; now present day Ljubljana, Slovenia

[30] Pannonia Superior: "Upper" Pannonia. A Roman province today corresponding to lands stretching from the Sava valley from the cities of Krsko, Slovenia and Sisak, Croatia north to the River Danube from Vienna, Austria east to Esztergom, Hungary. Carnuntum (Petronell, Austria) was the provincial capital

[31] Pannonia Inferior: "Lower" Pannonia. A Roman province separated from Pannonia Superior c. 103 AD. Its chief cities included the regional capital, Aquincum (Budapest, Hungary), and the legionary camps at Mursa (Osijek, Croatia), Mursella (Petrijevci, Croatia) and Sirmium (Mitrovica, Serbia). Roughly triangular, its northern point was at the Danube bend just north of Aquincum, and its base was the valley of the Savus Flumen (River Sava) running west-to-east.

[32] Siscia: Modern Sisak, Croatia. It sits at the confluence of the Savus Flumen (River Sava), the Colapis (River Kupa combined with the confluence of the River Odra).

[33] Mursa: Colonia Aelia Mursa, a specially-privileged town elevated during Hadrian's reign, 133 AD. Seat of the governor of Lower Pannonia and seat of the Prefect of the Danube Navy. It sits on the Dravus Flumen (River Drava) not far from the Danube. Corresponds to modern Osijek, Croatia.

[34] Cornacum: Modern Sotin, Croatia. An important stronghold on the Danuvius Flumen (Danube River) not far southeast along the river from Vukovar.

[35] Opitergium: A town on the Via Postumia; modern Oderzo. It was reached by the Quadi and Marcomanni, but shortly after their attacks normal daily life resumed. One of its leading citizens, L. Ragonius Urinatius Larcius Quintianus will become vice consul during the reign of Commodus.

[36] Iulia Concordia: A Colonia in Venetia, Italy; not to be confused with other cities of the same name elsewhere in the empire. It was named after the peace achieved by Octavian following the death of Julius Caesar.

[37] Raetia: Roman province along the Danivius (Danube). Its northern border ran from Castra Batava (Passau, Germany) in the east past Castra Regina (Regensburg, Germany) to the Danube-Rhein gap near Tasgaetium (Stein-am-Rhein, Germany). The eastern border ran along the Aenus Flumen (River Inn). The western border ran roughly along the line of the Brigantinus Lacus (Bodensee) to near the St. Gotthard Pass. The southern border ran roughly through the main Alpine passes: Splügen, Julier, Reschen and Brenner. Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) was the capital.

[38] Germania Superior: Roman province which ran through the northern area of modern Switzerland to Germany. Major towns included Noviodunum (Nyons, Switzerland, on Lake Geneva) furthest in the south, Vindonissa (Wingdisch, Switzerland), Argentorate (Strasbourg, France), Dibio (Dijon, France) furthest to the west, Noviomagus (Nijon, France) and other Noviomagus (Speyer, Germany) along the Rhine, Moguntiaticum (Mainz, Germany), Confluentes (Koblenz, Germany), and furthest downstream to the north, Antunnicum (Andernach, Germany).

[39] Timacum Minus: A city in Moesia Superior along the Timachus Flumen identified today as Ravna, Kuline or Gradiste.

[40] Aureliana: Modern Kostol, Serbia. This was the heart of the Metalli Aureliani, the gold-producing region of Moesia Superior.

[41] Nissus: Modern Nis, Serbia.

[42] Moesia: A pair of Roman provinces. It was divided into Moesia Superior, which corresponds roughly today to Serbia, running from Singidunum (Belgrade, Serbia) to Ratiaria (Archar, Bulgaria) along the northern Danube frontier, and as far south as Scupi (Skopje, Macedonia). Further east along the Danube ran Moesia Inferior, which extended to the mouth of the Danube at the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea). Its major southern cities included Melta (Lovech, Bulgaria) and Odessus (Varna, Bulgaria).

[43] Dalmatia: The coastal province of the Balkans roughly equivalent to the modern coastal of Croatia (Hrvatska), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania (Shqiperia).

[44] Illyria: A kingdom traditionally associated with Albania on the Adriatic coast. According to Wikipedia: The main cities of the Illyrian kingdom were Lissus and Epidamnus (also known as Dyrrhacion, Dyrrhachium). In 10 AD, after its conquest by Rome, Illyria was divided into Dalmatia (the coastal province, roughly corresponding to modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the southern coast of Croatia) and Pannonia (the Danube province, corresponding to northern Croatia and Hungary west and south of the Danube, as far west as Vienna, Austria, and running southwest to Ptuj and Krsko, Slovenia). Pannonia was later divided into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior. After the time of Marcus Aurelius, Pannonia would be further divided into four parts.

[45] Tarsus: A city in modern south Turkey near the Mediterranean coast. It was renown for being a major center of the western Mithraic cult, and was also the home of Saul of Tarsus, who becomes famous as St. Paul in the 1st Century AD.

[46] Hadriaticum Mare: Adriatic Sea

[47] Sicilia: The island of Sicily, Italy

[48] The southern tip of Italia where the Bruttii tribe lived: Calabria, Italy

[49] Siculum Fretum: The Straits of Messina; these are the straights that are referred to by the surname "Fretensis"—"of the straights"

[50] Scylla: A point on Calabria at the northern end of the Siculum Fretum (Straits of Messina). It was personified as a beautiful but transformed nymph into a treacherous sea monster. Ulysses (Greek Odysseus) encountered the beastly creature and six of his men were devoured alive.

[51] Charybdis: A whirlpool off the coast of Sicilia (Sicily) in the Siculum Fretum (Straights of Messina). It was supposed to be a treacherous place to cross, and was encountered by the hero in Homer's Odyssey.

[52] Mylae: Modern Milazzo, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It was the scene of two famous naval battles. The first was in 260 BC, when the Romans defeated the Carthaginian fleet. The second battle was in 36 BC, when Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeated Sextus Pompeius.

[53] Naulochus: The second great battle of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was fought off the Naulochus cape of Sicily, Italy.

[54] Actium: The greatest battle of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, defeating the combined fleets of Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt. It was fought off the coast of Nicopolis, Greece.

[55] Syria: The ancient land of Aram, and roughly similar to the present-day state of the same name. However, the area across the Euphrates was known as separate provinces, Mesopotamia, and later, Osrhoene. And the southern reaches of Syria extended all the way to the Tiberius Mare (the Sea of Galilee). Thus it would also include ancient Phoenicia—modern Lebanon.

[56] Judaea: The Roman province of Judaea, modern Israel, was contained on its eastern border by the Iordanes Flumen (River Jordan). It did not extend much past the tip of the Dead Sea; the border cut straight west to the Mediterranean south of Masada. South and east of Judaea would be the province of Arabia.

[57] Parthia: This was the great empire facing Rome's eastern border at the time. Its capital was Ctesiphon (20 miles from modern Baghdad, Iraq).

[58] Aquincum: Modern Budapest, or more properly, Obuda, on the western bank of the Danube.

[59] Castra Regina: Modern Regensburg, Austria.

[60] Via Flaminia: A great northern road from Rome, later known in the Middle Ages as the "Ravenna Road."

[61] Ad Portum: A town at the juncture of the Via Annia and Via Popillia near the mouth of the Meduacus Maior Flumen (River Brenta). To the west lay the crossroads of Meduacus Maior, and beyond that Patavium (Padua, Italy). To the south was Meduacus Minor.

[62] Via Popilia: The coastal road through the northern Italian area of Aemilia along the northern Hadriaticum Mare (Adriatic Sea). It passed through the salt marsh area known as the Septem Maria (Seven Seas)—named after the many lakes along the mouths of the Padus (Po) and Athesis (Adige) rivers. The road began where the Via Flaminia left off at Ariminum and ran up the coast to where it plowed into the Via Annia (q.v.) at Ad Portus (q.v.).

[63] Via Annia: The great and ancient road built by the Praetor Titus Annius Rufus (731 BC) which connected Atria (Adria, Italy), Patavium (Padua), Iulia Concordia (ancient, now in ruins), and Aquileia.

[64] Iulia Concordia: One of many cities by this name. This was a colonia founded in Veneto by Octavian to honor Julius Caesar and celebrate the concord of the Triumvirate. It sat at the juncture of the Via Postumia and the Via Annia.

[65] Aquileia: A city on the Adriatic coast along the Via Annia (q.v.)

[66] Alpes Iuliae: The Julian Alps dividing Italy from the Balkans.

[67] Emona: Modern Ljublajana, Slovenia.

* * *

References

[Author's note: in transcribing this to the Web, the URLs for the following references were lost. Furthermore, there are more print publication references to be made. While some corrections have been attempted already, additional currecitons, additions and updates are forthcoming.]


Aquileia, Italy (Official Town Site)
http://www.aquileia.it/

Beard, Henry (1990). Latin for All Occasions. Villard Books
ISBN 0-394-58660-3

Centre of Behavioural & Forensic Toxicology. Padova: A Historical Outline and the Growth of the City. Padua Hospital-Univerity of Padova, Italy.
http://www.cbft.unipd.it/pdtour/history.html

Columbia Encyclopedia. Mylae
http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Mylae

Columbia Encyclopedia, Sextus Pompeius
http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Sextus+Pompeius

Etruscan Dictionary CI-CV
http://etruscans1.tripod.com/Language/EtruscanCI.html

Knjazevac, Timacum Minus (History)
http://www.knjazevac.co.yu/English/Istorija/Timacum.html

Map24, for distances calculated between cities in Slovenia, Croatia, and elsewhere in Europe
http://www.de.map24.com/

McCrary, Kurt (2004-2006). History of Sotting - Sotin (Cornacum)
http://www.dvhh.org/sotting/history/history-1.htm

MultiMap, for distances calculated between cities in Italy.
http://www.multimap.com

Multimedia Plan. Carnuntum, Virtual Tour
http://www.multimediaplan.at/carnuntum/Englisch/englisch.html

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Opitergium, Veneto, Italy
http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.3326.a.php

PRAGRIS
http://www.pragris.com/

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Iulia Concordia, Veneto, Italy
http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.2129.a.php

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Aquileia, Udine, Veneto, Italy
http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.368.a.php

Ritterling, Emil. Legio X Fretensis
http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/x_fretensis.html

UNRV History, Pannonia
http://www.unrv.com/provinces/pannonia.php

Mysterious Etruscans. Veii
http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/veii.html

Mysterious Etruscans. Velzna (Roman Volsinii)
http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/velzna.html

Ovid. Fasti, Book IV
http://www.tkline.freeserve.co.uk/OvidFastiBkFour.htm#_Toc69367847

sistema Bibliotecario Museale provinciale (sBMp) La Via Annia. Provincia di Venezia, Assessorato alla Cultura
http://sbmp.provincia.venezia.it/mir/english/musei/annia.htm

Springer, Zvonko (1999). Osijek - Essek - Mursa
http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~zzspri/travels/osijek/OSIJEKAlt4.html

Springer, Zvonko (1999). Regional History of Vukovar and Ilok
http://www.hr/darko/etf/vukov.html

WebExhibits, The Early Roman Calendar
http://webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html

Wikipedia. Aquileia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia

Wikipedia, Ara Pacis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis

Wikipedia. Arezzo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo

Wikipedia. Arno River
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_river

Wikipedia. Battle of Actium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium

Wikipedia. Battle of Naulochus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus

Wikipedia. Bologna (Bononia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna

Wikipedia. Carnuntum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnuntum

Wikipedia. Cassia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassia

Wikipedia. Charybdis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charybdis

Wikipedia. Clusium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusium

Wikipedia. Cursus Publicus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_publicus

Wikipedia. Emona
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emona

Wikipedia. Hadrian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian

Wikipedia. Illyria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria

Wikipedia. Julian Alps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps

Wikipedia. Marcus Aemelius Lepidus (187 BC)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_%28187_BC%29

Wikipedia. Marcus Aurelius
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius

Wikipedia. Milvian Bridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milvian_Bridge

Wikipedia, Orvieto
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvieto

Wikipedia. Ovid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid

Wikipedia. Pannonia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia

Wikipedia. Parthia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia

Wikipedia. Piacenza (Placentia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza

Wikipedia. Po River (Padus Flumen)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_River

Wikipedia. Scylla
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylla

Wikipedia. Sisak (Siscia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siscia

Wikipedia. Seven Seas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_seas

Wikipedia. Sutri (Sutrium)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutrium


Wikipedia. Veii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veii


Wikipedia.
Via Aemilia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Aemilia


Wikipedia.
Via Flaminia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia


Wikipedia.
Via Popilia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Popilia


Wikipedia.
Via Postumia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Postumia

Wolfram, Herwig; Thomas Dunlap (translator) (2000)
The Germanic Empire and Its Peoples. University of California Press
ISBN 0-520-08511-6

Monday, February 06, 2006

Happy Birthday to Hadrian!

The great and mighty imperator, Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus, was born on 24 January in the year 76 A.D., or approximately 829 A.U.C. (Ab Urbe Condita). Actually, considering the Roman calendar marked the years using March as the first month, his birth might actually be rendered to 828 A.U.C. The was born in the 30th year of the effectiveness of the Julian calendar.

2006 is the 1930th anniversary of his august birth.

Happy birthday, Aurelius! And thank you to Julius Caesar and the rest of the Romans for giving the world such a remarkable calendar to follow to this very day.

Petrus Paulus ap Franciscus
Exploratio de Parisi

Thursday, January 26, 2006

LEGIO X FRETENSIS

This is the beginnings of the Legio X Fretensis web log.

This summer, from June 20 - 30, 2006, Legio X Fretensis, Corhors IV, under the command of Centurio Marcus Antonius Lucius (Robert Garbisch), will be marching along the length of Hadrian's Wall in the north of England.

More details to come! Meanwhile, if you are interested in this, contact the Legio through it's normal contact information.